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| The island of Ireland in 1450. |
In 1450, Ireland was a divided land of Gaelic kingdoms, powerful Anglo-Irish lords, and the small English-controlled territory known as the Pale around Dublin. While England claimed sovereignty, its authority was limited to the Pale, and Gaelic lords ruled most of the island, operating under Brehon Law and a wealth system based on cattle. The powerful Geraldine earls of Kildare dominated the government in Dublin, acting as the English crown's representatives and forming alliances with Irish lords.
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